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00:00:00","BUSINESS_REVIEW":"1、行业发展概况公司主要从事工业金属锻件的研发、生产和销售,产品主要应用于风电、工程机械、矿山机械、核电等多个行业。公司所处行业属于锻造行业,锻造行业是高端装备制造业的基础产业,对国民经济的发展具有重要意义。根据国家质量监督检验检疫总局、国家标准化管理委员会批准发布的《国民经济行业分类》（GB/T4754-2017）,发行人属于“金属制品业（分类代码：C33）”。公司近几年的主要产品广泛应用于风电、工程机械、矿山机械、核电等多个行业领域。本报告期内,公司的主营业务、经营模式未发生重大变化。目前主要行业领域发展情况如下：从全球锻造行业来看,德国、美国、俄罗斯、日本、英国等国外先进锻造企业,依靠长期的技术积累和强大的研发能力,在锻造技术、锻造工艺和装备水平等方面都处于世界领先地位,长期垄断了世界上大型高端锻件的生产。而中国、印度等发展中国家则依靠较低的成本和快速发展的市场得以占领低端锻件领域。随着制造行业发展和环保要求的加强,锻造工艺向着节能化、精密化、轻量化、数字化、智能化等方向发展。同时,在风电行业蓬勃发展以及化工、航空航天、核电等领域对大型装备需求增加的背景下,我国锻件的市场空间广阔。（1）风电行业发展及需求情况我国可开发利用的风能资源十分丰富,在国家政策措施的推动下,经过十几年的发展,我国的风电产业从粗放式的数量扩张,向提高质量、降低成本的方向转变,风电产业进入稳定持续增长的新阶段。国家能源局统计数据显示,我国风电累计装机容量已经由2016年底的163.67GW增长到2023年底的441.34GW,2023年同比增长20.7%。在风电补贴政策驱动之下,2019年以来国内新增并网装机规模较快增长,给国内风电制造环节创造了较好的环境。《“十四五”可再生能源发展规划》明确2030年风电和太阳能发电总装机容量要达到12亿千瓦以上；《国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划纲要和2035年远景目标纲要》提出要加快发展非化石能源,坚持集中式和分布式并举,大力提升风电、光伏发电规模,加快发展东中部分布式能源,有序发展海上风电。在国家政策红利的推动下,我国风电行业发展前景广阔,为上游风电装备及配套锻件行业的发展提供良好的发展机遇。近几年,我国也开始大力发展海上风电。我国东部沿海的经济发展和电网特点与欧洲类似,适于大规模发展海上风电,国家已经推出了江苏及山东沿海两个千万千瓦级风电基地的建设规划,并出台了《海上风电开发建设管理暂行办法》。与此同时,海上风电建设也取得了重大突破,2010年我国第一个国家海上风电示范项目——上海东海大桥102MW海上风电场的34台机组已经实现并网发电,标志着我国海上风电的发展开始启动。根据国家能源局公布的“十二五”能源规划,2015年我国将建成海上风电5GW,形成海上风电的成套技术并建立完整的产业链,2015年后,我国海上风电将进入规模化发展阶段,达到国际先进水平,风电发展“十三五”规划指出,2020年我国海上风电确保达到5GW以上。《“十四五”可再生能源发展规划》指出要加快推动海上风电集群化开发,重点建设山东半岛、长三角、闽南、粤东和北部湾五大海上风电基地,并在东部沿海地区积极推动海上风电集群化开发。海上风电将是未来风电行业新的利润增长点。长期来看,风电行业发展方向不变,平价上网促进风电行业健康发展,目前优先建设平价上网风电项目等政策的推出,推动了风电企业进行成本控制及技术研发,加强了风电行业的市场化程度及行业集中度,长远来看有益于行业的可持续发展和加快能源结构转型,实现风电行业的高质量发展,而公司风电相关的主要客户均为行业内龙头企业,随着市场集中度的提高,能为公司稳定发展提供保障,公司风电领域收入具有可持续性。①国家产业政策支持,风电行业发展趋势向好2019年5月,国家发改委发布的《国家发展改革委关于完善风电上网电价政策的通知》明确：“为落实国务院办公厅《能源发展战略行动计划（2014～2020）》关于风电2020年实现与煤电平价上网的目标要求,科学合理引导新能源投资,实现资源高效利用,促进公平竞争和优胜劣汰,推动风电产业健康可持续发展。”可见政策目的是实现风电与煤电平价上网,推动风电产业健康可持续发展。根据GWEC（全球风能协会）预测,2020年-2024年全球将新增风电装机容量300GW,年均复合增长率将保持在2.7%以上,每年平均新增装机容量55GW以上,中国市场每年新增装机容量将会保持在20GW以上,整个风电行业发展趋势向好。中电联公布了2024年全国大陆31个省份（不含港澳台）并网风电装机容量数据。截至2024年底,全国累计并网风电装机容量达52068万千瓦,同比增长18%,在全国可再生能源装机容量中占比27.56%,较2023年比重下降1.54个百分点。其中,陆上风电为4.8亿千瓦,占比92.07%；海上风电为4127万千瓦。2022年6月,国家能源局和国家发改委等九部门联合发布了《“十四五”可再生能源发展规划》,提出要大力推进风电和光伏发电基地化开发、积极推进风电和光伏发电分布式开发和统筹推进水风光综合基地一体化开发,明确2025年可再生能源年发电量达到3.3万亿千瓦时左右；“十四五”期间,可再生能源发电量增量在全社会用电量增量中的占比超过50%,风电和太阳能发电量实现翻倍。2023年10月,国家能源局发布《关于进一步规范可再生能源发电项目电力业务许可管理的通知》,在现有许可豁免政策基础上,将分散式风电项目纳入许可豁免范围,不要求其取得电力业务许可证,助力推动能源绿色低碳高质量发展。2024年4月,国家发展改革委国家能源局农业农村部关于组织开展“千乡万村驭风行动”的通知,在农村地区充分利用零散土地,因地制宜推动风电就地就近开发利用,对于壮大村集体经济、助力乡村振兴,促进农村能源绿色低碳转型、实现碳达峰碳中和意义重大。2025年11月17日,工业和信息化部装备工业二司发布《公开征求对风电装备行业规范条件的意见》,明确要求整机、变流器、控制系统制造企业上年度研发或工艺改进投入不低于主营业务收入的4%,新研发机型须开展至少1台机组、持续1年以上的整机中试试验,推动行业技术质量提升。2025年9月24日,在联合国气候变化峰会上宣布中国国家自主贡献新目标（NDC3.0）,明确提出到2035年,风电和太阳能发电总装机容量将力争达到36亿千瓦。为将这一国家目标转化为行业行动路径,2025年10月发布的《风能北京宣言2.0》进一步细化了阶段性任务,提出“十五五”期间中国风电年新增装机容量需不低于1.2亿千瓦,以确保到2030年风电累计装机达到13亿千瓦,并为2060年远景目标奠定基础。综上,风电行业在碳达峰与碳中和的背景下,持续受到国家产业政策的支持。②电价市场化改革全面推行,新能源进入市场化阶段2025年2月9日,国家发展改革委、国家能源局联合发布《关于深化新能源上网电价市场化改革促进新能源高质量发展的通知》,通知明确,新能源项目上网电量原则上全部进入电力市场,上网电价通过市场交易形成,进一步推动新能源与电力市场深度融合。该政策正式拉开了新能源平价时代后又一次深刻机制变革的序幕。标志着实施了多年的保障性收购政策逐步退坡,风电行业的发展驱动力正式从政策补贴全面转向市场竞争力。这不仅是电力市场化改革的关键一步,也为后续绿电交易、消纳责任权重等机制的落实奠定了基石。（2）工程机械行业发展及需求情况工程机械主要是指土石方工程、交通工程、建筑工程、水利电力工程以及流动式起重装卸作业所需的机械装备,主要包括挖掘机械、工程起重机械、压实机械、铲土运输机械、路面机械、混凝土机械以及工程机械专用零部件等。工程机械广泛应用于矿山、交通、运输、港口、建筑以及国防等行业,是关系国民经济发展的重要行业,与国民经济息息相关。工程机械零部件是工程机械的基础行业,零部件的质量水平关系工程机械的质量水平。经过多年的发展,我国工程机械零部件绝大多数已实现自给,并已出口,但部分关键液压元件和传动元件等仍依赖进口。发行人目前给工程机械行业配套零部件主要是回转支承套圈、齿圈等环形锻件。自2015年起,我国工程机械行业逐渐回温,整体需求持续向好。根据中国工程机械工业协会数据显示,2022年我国工程机械行业销售收入为8,500亿元,中商产业研究院分析师预测,2023年工程机械市场将逐步恢复,营业收入将达9170亿元,2024年进一步增至9455亿元。从历史来看,挖掘机年销量呈现出周期性的特点,其周期主要受下游房地产、基建、出口等需求变化以及自身设备更新周期、环保排放政策等因素影响。工程机械行业平均周期大致为8至10年,最近一轮上行周期从2016年开始,到2021年上半年结束,2021年下半年行业进入下行周期,至今尚未筑底。2010年受4万亿计划的刺激作用和国一标准切换到国二标准的环保政策的影响,挖掘机销量增速达到高点。受到使用寿命到期的替代需求的推动作用,以及受到国二标准切换到国三标准政策的影响,自2016年起,挖掘机市场进入第二轮高速增长周期。2022年12月1日起所有生产、进口和销售的560kW以下（含560kW）的非道路移动机械及其装用的柴油机将全面实施国四排放标准,工程机械再一次迎来了快速发展。2022年国内工程机械行业处于下行调整期,叠加宏观经济增速放缓、工程有效开工率不足等因素影响,国内工程机械市场需求大幅减少,但随着“一带一路”经济战略、国家新型城镇化规划、铁路及城市轨道交通规划、社会保障性住房建设等政策的实施推进,工程机械行业迎来黄金增长期,据海关总署数据统计,2023年,我国对“一带一路”沿线国家出口工程机械210.55亿美元,同比增长24.1%,占总出口额的47.2%,保持了较好增长势头。2025年我国工程机械进出口贸易额累计为627.43亿美元,其中出口总额601.69亿美元,同比增长13.8%。另有统计显示,2025年中国工程机械设备及零部件出口602.3亿美元,同比增长13.9%。相较国内市场而言,工程机械出口市场仍然处于成长期,预计还将维持正增长。工业和信息化部、农业农村部、商务部、中国人民银行、海关总署、市场监管总局六部门联合印发《机械行业稳增长工作方案（2025—2026年）》（工信部联通装〔2025〕205号,针对机械行业70%的需求来自基础设施建设和国民经济各行业新上或更新改造设备投资,是稳出口主战场的特点,从国内国外两方面,提出深挖国内存量市场潜力、培育壮大新需求、着力扩大有效投资、推动产业数字化转型智能化升级、深化开放合作等5项任务,不断增强机械行业稳增长牵引力。2、主要业务中环海陆是一家专业从事工业金属锻件研发、生产和销售,具有自主研发和创新能力的高新技术企业。公司深耕锻造行业多年,在锻造、热处理、机加工和检测等生产环节方面,积累了丰富的制造经验和工艺技术优势,具备了大型、异形、高端、大规模工业金属锻件生产能力。公司的主要产品包括轴承锻件、法兰锻件、齿圈锻件等工业金属锻件,是高端装备制造业的关键基础部件,广泛应用于风电、工程机械、矿山机械、核电、船舶、电力、石化等多个行业领域。3、主要产品及其用途公司的主要产品包括轴承锻件、法兰锻件、齿圈锻件及其他各类工业金属锻件,属于高端装备制造业的关键基础部件,广泛应用于风电、工程机械、矿山机械、核电等多个行业领域。公司产品在风力发电机的主要应用情况如下：5、主要经营模式公司拥有完整的原材料采购、生产和销售体系,独立开展生产经营活动。（1）采购模式采购部负责原材料的采购。原材料主要为合金钢、碳素钢和不锈钢等。公司根据内部实际情况、结合行业现状与市场特点,制定了《采购、仓储与供应管理办法》、《供应商管理控制程序》、《产品检验控制程序》等采购制度、程序,规范了原材料采购工作。（2）生产模式公司主要采取“以市场为导向,以销定产”的生产模式,合理安排生产,提高公司的营运效率。公司的产品主要为非标产品,根据产品具体应用领域的不同,其材质要求、结构规格等差异较大,因此公司主要按照下游用户要求分批定制生产。产品在生产过程中,生产部门按照产品标准、工艺文件和质量要求,制定生产计划安排生产。检测中心按照产品质量控制要求进行产前、产中和产后的监督、检验和检测。为提高生产效率、控制生产成本,充分利用周边企业资源,公司会视订单业务量、交货周期、产品要求等具体情况,适量开展部分委托加工业务,主要包括部分产品的机加工、热处理等。公司建立了委外厂商质量控制制度,对委外厂商的遴选、委托加工情况及其工作质量进行严格控制。公司向委外厂商采购机加工服务的价格,主要根据加工工作量确定,并综合考虑加工难度、工期要求等因素。（3）销售模式报告期内,公司主要采用直销的方式实现销售,即由公司直接与下游客户签订合同,订购产品。公司采取“原材料成本+加工费”的产品定价方式,原材料成本由钢材价格与钢材耗用量决定；加工费由制造费用、人工成本及合理的毛利构成。在此基础上,公司根据客户的合作年限、订单情况、产品要求灵活调整定价策略。6、市场地位公司是一家专业从事工业金属锻件研发、生产、销售的高新技术企业,产品主要应用于风电、工程机械、矿山机械、核电等多个领域,通过多年的积累和发展,已成为国内工业金属锻件的主要生产企业之一,公司于2022年入选国家级专精特新“小巨人”企业,在工业金属锻件市场树立了良好的口碑和形象。7、竞争优势与劣势公司深耕工业金属锻件领域二十余年,积累了优质的客户资源,储备优秀的技术和管理人才,积淀了深厚的技术功底,公司产品应用市场广阔,能够满足多领域的产品需求。目前,公司产品主要应用于风电市场,业绩受风电行业发展影响较大,公司也将积极拓展产品种类,规避风电行业周期的风险。8、主要业绩驱动因素在全球环境日益恶化,化石类能源日益枯竭的情况下,风能作为一种清洁、安全的新能源,受到各国政府和投资机构的重视。与其他新能源技术相比较,风电技术相对成熟,且具有更高的成本效益和资源有效性,因此在过去的30多年里,风电发展不断超越其预期的发展速度,一直保持着世界增长最快的能源地位。根据全球风能理事会（GWEC）发布2023年全球风能报告的数据显示,2022年全球新增风电装机77.6GW,较去年同期下降17.1%；全球风电累计装机不断增长,由2017年的540GW,快速增至2022年的906GW,年均复合增长率达7.7%。我国可开发利用的风能资源十分丰富,在国家政策措施的推动下,经过十几年的发展,我国的风电产业从粗放式的数量扩张,向提高质量、降低成本的方向转变,风电产业进入稳定持续增长的新阶段。国家能源局统计数据显示,我国风电累计装机容量已经由2016年底的163.67GW增长到2023年底的441.34GW,2023年同比增长20.7%。全国人大印发的《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划纲要和2035年远景目标纲要》提出：“推进能源革命,建设清洁低碳、安全高效的能源体系,提高能源供给保障能力。加快发展非化石能源,坚持集中式和分布式并举,大力提升风电、光伏发电规模,加快发展东中部分布式能源,有序发展海上风电”；《2030年前碳达峰行动方案》提出,推进煤炭消费替代和转型升级,鼓励风电、核电发电的开发和高质量发展。根据2019年5月国家发改委《关于完善风电上网电价政策的通知》要求,风电项目分别必须在2020年底和2021年底前完成并网发电才能获得补贴。受此政策影响,“抢装潮”出现,2020年全国风电新增装机容量大幅增长,2021年海上新增装机容量大幅增长,随着国家补贴的陆续退出,短期内可能导致风电新增装机容量下降,但并网发电补贴的退出对行业内企业业绩产生了不利影响。根据华创证券、国海证券、北极星风力发电网、国际能源网、风电头条等机构统计的数据,2020-2024年风电整机中标单位千瓦价格持续下探,陆上风电整机均价从近4,000元/千瓦降至不到1,500元/千瓦,海上风电整机价格则从7,000元/千瓦以上快速降至不到3,000元/千瓦。招标价格的持续走低导致整个供应链面临降价的压力。9、业绩变化综上,风电市场短期内受到“抢装潮”褪去的影响,供需不平衡,市场竞争激烈,产品单价下降,导致产能利用率未能达到预期水平,公司受此影响业绩变化符合行业发展现状,但在全球风电装机量持续上涨及政策驱动下,风电行业发展前景广阔,为包括公司在内的上游风电装备及配套锻件行业的发展提供良好的发展机遇,本报告期因汇率波动导致业绩出现下滑。"}]}